1 Copyright Ó 1992, 1994, 1997 ValueScope AB, Stockholm. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 87th Annual Meeting, of the American Sociological Association, August 20-24, 1992, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in a session organized by Albert E. Gollin. I am grateful for comments by the discussant, Charles E. Kadushin.
2 Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way, Avon, New York 1973, p 168.
3 Lawrence Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642, Ark Paperbacks, London 1986, pp 105-106.
4 Arnold Mitchell, The Nine American Lifestyles, Macmillan, New York, 1983, ch. 2. The theory was first published in Social Change: Implications of Trends in Values and Lifestyles, SRI, Menlo Park, 1979 (proprietory).
5 In Britain and Sweden we have used other labels than in the United States for the various levels. Here are the translations:

USA
A. Mitchell

Great Britain
E. Nelson & H. L. Zetterberg

Sweden
H.L. Zetterberg

Societally
Conscious

Achiever

Reformers

Movers

Skärskådare 

 Uträttare

Experiential

Emulator

Experience seekers

Status seekers

Sökare 

 Efterbildare

I-Am-Me

Belonger

Self-faithful

Group-faithful

Självuttryckare 

Tillhörare

Sustainers

Security minded

Gnetare

Survivors

Subsistence minded

Hankare

6 Florence Rockwood Kluckhohn and Fred L Stodtbeck, Variations in Value Orientation, Row Peterson, Evanston, Ill., 1961.
Mary Douglas, In the Active Voice, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1982.
7 Ingelhart, Ronald"The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies", American Political Science Review, vol. 65, 1971, pp. 991-1017.
-- Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1990.
8.Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, (4 vols), Bedminster, New York, 1962. Originally published. 1937-41 by American Book Company, New York.
9 S.H Schwartz,. & W. Bilsky. "Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Values", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 53, 1987, pp. 550-562.
--S.H Schwartz,. & W. Bilsky. "Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 58, 1990, pp 878-891.
10 Barry Gunter and Adrian Furnham, Consumer Profiles:An Introduction to Psychographics, Routledge, London & New York, 1992.
11 Peter Sampson, "People are People the World over: the Case for Psychological Market Segmentation", Marketing and Research Today, vol. 20, no 4, 1992, pp. 236-244.
12 Compare Milton Rokeach' formulation: "I consider a value to be a type of belief, centrally located within one's total belief system, about how one ought or ought not to behave, or about some end state of existence worth or not worth attaining." The first part of this definition actually refers to norms ("how one ought or ought not to behave"). The second part refers to values in our sense ("some end state of existence worth or not worth attaining") Milton Rokeach, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values, Jossey-Bass, San Fransico, 1972, p. 124.
13 See, for example, Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1989, pp. 94-96.
14 For long students of society believed that wealth consisted of things, (or servants, or gold), but nowadays one accepts that wealth is the evaluation that society puts on goods and services. It has also met with considerable resistance among students of society to absorb the idea that knowledge, beauty, and the sacred are products of society. A major work that paved the way for a new view was Émile Durkheim, Les formes elémentaire de la vie religieuse, Alcan, Paris, 1912 that firmly grounded both knowledge and sacredness in the structure of society. On art and beauty as products of society, see for example Leo Loewenthal, Literature & the Image of Man, Beacon, Boston, 1963.
15 This theme is developed in Hans L Zetterberg, "The Structuration of Europe", International Journal of Public Opinion Research, vol 3, no 4, pp 309-322.
16 Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, (4 vols), Bedminster, New York, 1962. Originally published. 1937-41 by American Book Company, New York.
17 Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenburg Galaxy, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1962.
18 Charles Morris, Paths of Life. Preface to a World Religion, Harpers, New York, 1942.
19 Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 1.Halbband, J.C.B.Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen, 1956, pp 12-13.
20 Arnold Mitchell, The Nine American Lifestyles, Macmillan, New York, 1983, ch. 2.
21 David Riesman, Nathan Glazer, & Reuel Denny, The Lonely Crowd, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
22 The methodology is described in Hans L Zetterberg, "Valuescope: A Three-Dimensional Value System", in Flemming Hansson (ed), European Advances in Consumer Research, vol 2, 1995, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, Utah, pp. 163-171
23 Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, Revised and enlarged edition, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1957, ch. 10.
24This review has benefited greatly from Stefan Dagler, Liberalismens kris, Sifo förlag, Stockholm 1985, a book written in the spirit of Sorokin. The long series of youth surveys that Sifo (The Swedish Institute of Opinion Research) began in 1955 has also proven helpful. For a summary of Swedish values, see Åke Daun, Svensk mentalitet, Raben & Sjögren, Stockholm 1989. Some international comparisons are found in Sigbert Axelsson, Thorleif Petterson et al., Mot denna framtid, Carlsson, Stockholm, 1993.